The Battle of Pichincha

On May 24, 1822, South American rebel forces under the command of General Antonio Josà © de Sucre and Spanish forces led by Melchor Aymerich clashed on the slopes of Pichincha Volcano, within sight of the city of Quito, Ecuador. The battle was a huge victory for the rebels, destroying once and for all Spanish power in the former Royal Audience of Quito. Background By 1822, Spanish forces in South America were on the run. To the north, Simà ³n Bolà ­var had liberated the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, part of Ecuador) in 1819, and to the south, Josà © de San Martà ­n had liberated Argentina and Chile and was moving on Peru. The last major strongholds for royalist forces on the continent were in Peru and around Quito. Meanwhile, on the coast, the important port city of Guayaquil had declared itself independent and there were not enough Spanish forces to re-take it: instead, they decided to fortify Quito in hopes of holding out until reinforcements could arrive. First Two Attempts In late 1820, the leaders of the independence movement in Guayaquil organized a small, poorly-organized army and set out to capture Quito. Although they captured the strategic city of Cuenca on the way, they were defeated by Spanish forces at the Battle of Huachi. In 1821, Bolà ­var sent his most trusted military commander, Antonio Josà © de Sucre, to Guayaquil to organize a second attempt. Sucre raised an army and marched on Quito in July 1821, but he, too, was defeated, this time at the Second Battle of Huachi. The survivors retreated to Guayaquil to regroup. March on Quito By January 1822, Sucre was ready to try again. His new army took a different tactic, swinging through the southern highlands on its way to Quito. Cuenca was captured again, preventing communication between Quito and Lima. Sucre’s rag-tag army of approximately 1,700 consisted of a number of Ecuadorians, Colombians sent by Bolà ­var, a troop of British (mainly Scots and Irish), Spanish who had switched sides, and even some French. In February, they were reinforced by 1,300 Peruvians, Chileans and Argentines sent by San Martà ­n. By May, they had reached the city of Latacunga, less than 100 kilometers south of Quito. Slopes of the Volcano Aymerich was well aware of the army bearing down on him, and he placed his strongest forces in defensive positions along with the approach to Quito. Sucre did not want to lead his men straight into the teeth of well-fortified enemy positions, so he decided to go around them and attack from the rear. This involved marching his men partway up Cotopaxi volcano and around Spanish positions. It worked: he was able to get into the valleys behind Quito. The Battle of Pichincha On the night of May 23, Sucre ordered his men to move on Quito. He wanted them to take the high ground of Pichincha volcano, which overlooks the city. A position on Pichincha would have been difficult to assault, and Aymerich sent his royal army out to meet him. Around 9:30 in the morning, the armies clashed on the steep, muddy slopes of the volcano. Sucre’s forces had become spread out during their march, and the Spanish were able to decimate their leading battalions before the rear guard caught up. When the rebel Scots-Irish Albià ³n Battalion wiped out a Spanish elite force, the royalists were forced to retreat. Aftermath of the Battle of Pichincha The Spanish had been defeated. On May 25, Sucre entered Quito and formally accepted the surrender of all Spanish forces. Bolà ­var arrived in mid-June to joyous crowds. The battle of Pichincha would be the final warm-up for rebel forces before tackling the strongest bastion of royalists left on the continent: Peru. Although Sucre was already considered a very able commander, the Battle of Pichincha solidified his reputation as one of the top rebel military officers. One of the heroes of the battle was teenage Lieutenant Abdà ³n Calderà ³n. A native of Cuenca, Calderà ³n was wounded several times during the battle but refused to leave, fighting on despite his wounds. He died the next day and was posthumously promoted to Captain. Sucre himself singled out Calderà ³n for special mention, and today the Abdà ³n Calderà ³n star is one of the most prestigious awards given in the Ecuadorian military. There is also a park in his honor in Cuenca featuring a statue of Calderà ³n bravely fighting. The Battle of Pichincha also marks the military appearance of a most remarkable woman: Manuela Sà ¡enz. Manuela was a native quiteà ±a who had lived in Lima for a time and had been involved in the independence movement there. She joined Sucre’s forces, fighting in the battle and spending her own money on food and medicine for the troops. She was awarded the rank of lieutenant and would go on to become an important cavalry commander in subsequent battles, eventually reaching the rank of Colonel. She is better known today for what happened shortly after the war: she met Simà ³n Bolà ­var and the two fell in love. She would spend the next eight years as the Liberator’s devoted mistress until his death in 1830.

High School Vs. College Academic Writing Essay - 839 Words

We have been told by many of our High School English teachers that being able to formulate the perfect essay will make transitioning into the college academic conversation much less challenging. But did they ever teach us how to write such a paper? Well, there was the five-paragraph essay only rule among all of your teachers, and if it did not contain facts or opinions it was unacceptable. That is where one of the many differences between high school English and college English lies. Within college academic writing students will have to know how to incorporate certified outside sources into their papers, be able to keep the reader interested on the topic, and have the ability to read academically. When was the last time you wrote a paper and actually had to do research on your own for a high school English class? Probably only once, or most likely, never. When you consider to do research on a topic that interests you, you have to make sure that your site is credible, and what does th at mean? That it comes from a place that is not in any way bias about the topic. In Roane State’s MLA: Using Sources Correctly, the authors are basically telling you that when using in-text quotations you are usually trying to use a specific phrase from the article to get your point across. For example, according to Roanestate.edu, â€Å"†¦ in-text citation...using information from another source such as a fact, summary, or paraphrase to support†¦own ideas† (Roane State, 1). This means that byShow MoreRelatedThe Passion Of Reading And Writing1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe Passion of Reading and Writing in College In the eyes of students, reading and writing seems to be a whole new world as they approach the semester in college. It seems as if students never worked with writing or reading in their years at high school. 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Conceptual Skills free essay sample

Conceptual skill Modern management has been trend globalization and improve constantly. A manager’s job is complex and a range of skills are used by different level management. Although some management theorists propose a long list of skills, the necessary skills for managing a department or an organization can be summarised in just three categories: conceptual ,human and technical (Katz,1974) . The application of three skills changes as managers move up in the organization. Although the degree of each skill necessary at different levels of an organization may vary, all managers must possess skills in each of these important areas to perform effectively. The purpose of this essay is to clearly show that the importance of conceptual skills that managers are required to demonstrate. It will also look at how conceptual skill can contribute towards enhancing manager’s performance and success. PetertonFleet (2004, P. 1300) defines conceptual skills as‘the ability to see the organization as a whole or to have a systemic viewpoint. We will write a custom essay sample on Conceptual Skills or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also includes the ability to analyze a situation and distinguish between cause and effect. Conceptual skills are often gained through formal education, reflection, and experience (Jones George, 2009). While technical skills focus on things and human skills focus on people, conceptual skills focus on ideas and concepts (yukl. 2002). According to Katz, these skills extend to visualizing the relationship of the firm to the external environment. Katz 1995 argue conceptual skill involves the manager’s thinking, make decision and planning abilities. It also involves understanding where the sector fits into the whole organization and how the organization fits into the variates areas. It means the ability to ‘think strategically’ – to take the broad, long -term view. Conceptual skills are need by all managers, but are especially important for managers at the top. They must know the significant elements in any situation. The success of any decision depends on the conceptual skill of the people who make the decision and those who put it in action. Katz1955). The famous consulting company in the world-The Rand Corp: per 100 large enterprises closed down in the world, 85% of them because of the manager made a wrong decision. Thus this can be seen, the manager’s decision is significant to the enterprise development. Conceptual skill approach emphasize that good administrators are not born, they need study, experiences in the future. However, its success must necessarily relay on the abilities of the superior to help the underling. Levinson, 1988) managers need have ability of conceder the overall situation and recognize why that thing does. Effective collaboration across variety sectors of enterprise not only depends on conceptual skill of managers, but also business style and the direction of development depend on the conceptual skills. ( katz,1955) For example, a company in the industry sitting higher, more complex problems faced by them, more uncertainty surrounding environment more need conceptual skills. Nowadays, variety professionals develop and change quickly. IT industry is a model of uncertainly production. Managers cannot see chances and threaten easily. So, the conceptual skill is signalising to the IT leading enterprise. The good conceptual help large company connect cooperative partner and give play to impact. Because a company’s over-all success is dependent on its executives’ conceptual skill in establishing and carrying out policy decisions, this skill is the unifying, coordinating ingredient of the administrative process, and of undeniable over-all importance. (katz. 995). This case illustrate the conceptual skill is how important in management . It can decide the success or fail of the company. In conclusion, the purpose of this essay has been to show that conceptual skill is significant in the administration. At the top, conceptual skill becomes the most important of all for successful administration. If a top manager possesses the conceptual skills, she /he have an ability to manage the whole company and make it success. So conceptual skills are really necessary to the top manager. Every top magger should possess it and through study and practice improve these skills. Certainly, conceptual skill only is a part of management skills. Every part is important to the management. The top managers also need possess and understand other skills. Every part try their best do every things, the company will success. Reference lists: Yukl, G. (2002), Leadership in Organizations, 5th ed. , Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Katz, R. L. (1974), Skills of an effective administrator, Harvard Business Review, Vol. Peterson, TOFleet, DDV2004, the ongoing legacy of R. L. Katz: an updated. Typology of management skills’, Management Decision, vol. 42, No. 10. P. 1297-1308. Katz, R. L. (1955). Skills of an Effective Administrator. Harvard Business Review Jones, G. R. , George, J. M. (2009). Contemporary Management. New York: McGuire- Hill. Levin son, H. (1988). Designing and managing your career: â€Å"the three essential skills of an effective manager† library of congress cataloguing-in-publication, America.

Poetry Commentary - Where the Sidewalk ends free essay sample

In the poem â€Å"Where the Sidewalk Ends†, which poetic techniques does the poet Shel Silverstein use to make the work so moving? The poem â€Å"Where the Sidewalk Ends† by Shel Silverstein signifies the passage of life. The poet uses a sidewalk as an extended metaphor to describe the dark and dreary ways of life. The end of the sidewalk is supposed to represent heaven or the end of the passage. His purpose is to teach the reader about the steady pace in which one walks towards his or her own morality, through a poem. The poet uses a prominent theme, various tones and an extended metaphor to make the poem moving and touching to the reader. Shel Silverstein uses an extended metaphor to make the poem moving and intriguing. An extended metaphor is a metaphor that lasts for several sentences and sometimes for an entire work. For example, â€Å"There is a place where the sidewalk ends, and before the street begins, and there the grass grows soft and white. We will write a custom essay sample on Poetry Commentary Where the Sidewalk ends or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † The end of the sidewalk the poet describes represents the end of a journey. It also symbolizes the end of life when you meet with your own impermanence and reach death. The place where the â€Å"grass grows† might characterize heaven. Later in the poem the poet describes a sidewalk. The quote, â€Å"Let us leave this place where the smoke blows black, and the dark street winds and bends,† shows us that the sidewalk or street represents the passage of life. It exemplifies the troubles and complications you face in the long monotonous journey of life. The place he describes at the beginning of the poem is probably a place the poet longs to escape to from his dark journey. Consequently using an extended metaphor helped Silverstein create a moving poem. A prominent theme is also one of the several poetic techniques that helped make this poem moving. The theme in this poem is the journey from life to death. It is about the complications many face during this journey. For example, â€Å" Let us leave this place where the smoke blows black, And the dark street winds and bends. † The quote shows us that the poet was probably frustrated with his troubles when he wrote this poem. He emphasizes the difficulties you face during the journey of life by using words such as â€Å"dark† or â€Å"black†. Another example is the quote, â€Å"For the children, they mark, they know. The place where the sidewalk ends. † This quote embodies the point in the journey of a child’s life when they must cope with reality and face their own mortality. This marks the end of the journey, when you embark towards heaven. The third example is the verse â€Å"And there the grass grows soft and bright, And there the sun burns crimson bright†. This quote describes the rather heavenly after-life you reach after the journey, away from the troubles in life. It might be a world the poet aspires to be in. Another example of a poetic technique used in the poem is a variety of tones. The first stanza bears an optimistic or cheerful tone, while the second and third is relatively dull and melancholic. For example, â€Å"And there the sun burns crimson bright, And there the moon bird rests from his flight,†. While describing his idea of heaven or the end of troubles the poet manages to maintain a moderately zealous tone by using terms like â€Å"crimson bright†. A second example is the verse, â€Å"Let us leave this place where the smoke blows black, And the dark street winds and bends. Past the pits where asphalt flowers grow. This particular part of the poem possesses a dull and dreary tone like shown in this verse. This is because he is trying to describe the complications he is trying so hard to escape from. Accordingly by using various tones the poet has made the poem touching. In conclusion, the poet has used a prominent theme, and extended metaphor and a variety of tones to construct a moving poem. In my opinion, the poem is very captivating and moving. As a reader, I felt that Silverstein’s purpose was fulfilled and his message was clear throughout the poem. His portrayal of life’s journey was fascinating and well defined.